What are the five levels of accountability identified in GASB: Concepts Statement No. 2?

The five levels of accountability identified in GASB: Concepts Statement No. 2 are indeed probity, process, performance, program, and policy accountability. Each of these levels serves a distinct purpose in ensuring that governmental entities operate transparently and effectively.

Probity accountability emphasizes ethical conduct and integrity in the management of resources. It focuses on the adherence to laws and regulations, ensuring that public trust is maintained through responsible behavior by government officials.

Process accountability addresses the procedures and methodology used in decision-making and execution. This level ensures that the processes are transparent and justifiable, contributing to effective governance.

Performance accountability assesses whether government programs are achieving their intended outcomes and objectives. It provides a framework for evaluating the efficiency and effectiveness of resource utilization in the pursuit of established goals.

Program accountability looks at the specific initiatives that public entities undertake. This level ensures that programs are not only executed as planned but also evaluated based on their impacts and contributions to public welfare.

Lastly, policy accountability examines the adherence to and implementation of policies set by governing bodies. It holds entities accountable for aligning their actions and programs with established policies, contributing to a consistent approach in governance.

The other options do not accurately represent the framework described in GASB Concepts Statement No. 2 and contain terms that